Hair Biology
To properly understand hair loss, you need to understand the intricate systems that must all work together to produce new, healthy, long living hair.
- Hair cuticle. The outer casing of the hair.
- Cortex. The main central portion of the hair that gives it strength and colour.
- Medulla. Some hairs particularly those that are unpigmented have a central air space.
- Stratum Corneum. The outermost layer of the epidermis. A layer of dead skin cells that is a protective barrier and designed to exfoliate. Excess oil at the opening of the hair follicle can cause a blockage.
- Epidermis. The outermost layers of skin that adjoin the upper part of the hair follicle. The hair follicle opening and the skin surface should be kept clear through daily hygiene.
- Dermis. This is the layer of skin lying immediately under the epidermis. It consists of two layers, the papillary and the reticular. It contains numerous capillaries, lymphatics and nerve endings. In it are the hair follicles and their smooth muscle fibres, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands end their ducts.
- Hypodermis. This is the deepest part of the dermis and contains the hair follicles and their muscle fibres, sebaceous and sweat glands, and fat cells.
- Hair Follicles. These are receptacles in the scalp from which the hair grows. Cellular activity in the lowest portion of the follicle is responsible for providing the cells to make the hair shaft.
- Bulge. A specialised portion of the hair follicle, located at the site of the arrector pili muscle that houses the follicle stem cells. These cells are responsible for regulating the hair growth cycle and are also capable of forming the epidermis and sebaceous glands.
- Hair Bulb. This is the bulbous expansion at the base of the hair from which the hair grows. It provides a womb like environment where the hair cells are produced.
- Sensory nerve fibre. An afferent nerve that carries sensations from sensing organs to the brain.
- Hair Papilla. A Group of dermal cells intertwined with capillaries that are in close contact with the dividing epithelial cells of the bulb. The capillaries give nourishment to the dividing cells, while the dermal cells send signal to determine the length and diameter of the hair.
- Capillaries. These are hair like minute blood vessels that connect the arteries to the papilla. They carry oxygen and nutrients to the papilla from the blood and also remove toxins from the hair follicle.
- Sebaceous Gland and Sebum. This is a hormone regulated, oil secreting gland in the skin. The sebaceous secretes sebum, which lubricates the follicle and the skin. It is thought that this sebum also carries toxins and pollutants into the follicle. Over or under production of hormones can produce sebaceous plugs, which are made up of follicular debris.
- Arrector Pili Muscle. This a small smooth muscle located at the base of each hair that contracts when the skin is cold or stimulated causing the hair to stand erect, it compresses the oil gland above each muscle giving the appearance of goose bumps.
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